Title: Rivera-Acevedo RE, et al. The quaternary lidocaine derivative, QX-314, exerts biphasic effects on transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 channels in vitro. Anesthesiology. 2011 Jun;114(6):1425-34.
Title: Binshtok AM, et al. Coapplication of lidocaine and the permanently charged sodium channel blocker QX-314 produces a long-lasting nociceptive blockade in rodents. Anesthesiology. 2009 Jul;111(1):127-37.
Title: Talbot MJ, et al. Intracellular QX-314 inhibits calcium currents in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Sep;76(3):2120-4.