2020-02-15 11:00:30
Saumen Hajra, Subrata Maity, Sayan Roy, Ramkrishna Maity, and Srikrishna Samanta
Introduction
A numerous synthetic strategy towards the construction of 3, 3-bisindole have been reported so far in literature. The examples of (i) Mukaiyama-aldol reaction of 3-(3-indolyl)-2-siloxy- indole with aldehyde,[4] (ii) acyl migration of indolyl carbon- ates,[5] (iii) Pd-catalysed allylic alkylation of 3-aryl-3-oxindoles with allenes,[6] (iv) organocatalytic conjugate addition of indoles to isatin derived nitroalkenes and α,ß-unsturated aldehydes, (v) α-alkylation of carbonyl compounds with 3-hydroxy-3-indol-3-yloxindoles,[8] (vi) Rh-catalysed multicomponent reaction of 3-diazooxindoles, indoles and aldehydes,[9] (vii) Cu-catalysed dearomatization of indoleacetamides with 3-indolylphenyliodo- nium salts[10] are worthy of attention. However the preparation of 3-aryl oxindole moiety is sparse in literature.[11–13] Only few reports are there such as (i) Hetero-Claisen reaction of nitrones with alkylarylketenes,[11] (ii) Cu catalysed dearomatisation of tryptamine derivative with aryl-iodonium salt,[12] (iii) Lewis acid catalysed F-C alkylation of 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole.[13] Thus construction of both these functionalities from a common precur- sor through a concise and divergent manner is very much necessary. A straightforward strategy for the synthesis of these sub- units could be a regioselective F-C reaction of easily accessible spiro-epoxyoxindole with heteroarenes and arenes. Our contin- uous research interest in exploring the reactivity of three mem- bered reactive intermediates[14] led us to envisage the Lewis acid catalysed F-C reaction of spiro-epoxyoxindoles with arenes as well as heteroarenes. After the affirmative presumption, re- cently, we have successfully reported the Lewis-acid catalysed efficient F-C reaction of spiro-epoxyoxindoles with indoles and arenes to obtain both the functionalities.
Thus, spiro-epoxyoxindole has been emerged as a common precursor for the generation of all carbon quaternary centre prior to the synthesis of various indole alkaloids or their core structures. After this initial success, we are again exploring alternative catalysts/solvents combination for the F-C reaction of spiro-epoxyoxindole. Eventually, we have observed that cata- lytic amount of Brønsted acid in organic solvent can also acti- vate the spiro-epoxide[16] and lead to regioselective ring open- ing at the tertiary centre by the carbon nucleophiles likely ind- oles and arenes. Moreover, we have recently reported catalyst free on-water ring opening reaction of spiro-aziridineoxindole and indole.[17] This result again encourages us to find an envi- ronment friendly greener approach for this ring-opening reac- tion. Herein we incorporated a detailed study of the Brønsted acid assisted regioselective F-C reaction of spiro-epoxides and comparison with the Lewis acid catalysed reactions along with its scopes and limitations.
Results and Discussion
As we mentioned earlier, epoxides are versatile and privileged framework to synthesis a various indole alkaloids with immense biological significance. Now regioselective ring opening at the tertiary centre of spiro-epoxides[15,18] with different carbon nu- cleophiles lead to the formation of all carbon quaternary centre. Friedel–Crafts reaction is one of such highly efficient atom-eco- nomic C-C bond forming reaction, although there are very few efficient approaches for intermolecular F-C reaction of epoxide.[19] Thus this method for the spiroepoxide demands thorough reconnaissance.
Reaction with Indoles
After initial success with Lewis acid, we tried to find out some other milder catalyst condition for this F-C reaction. During our research, we observed that the F-C reaction of spiro-epoxide was also proceeded well with the assistance of catalytic amount of Brønsted acid. To confirm it, we performed the model reac- tion between N-methyl spiro-epoxyoxindole 1a and indole em- ploying various Brønsted acids in different temperature. Our previous result with Lewis acid (Scheme 1) convinced us to per- form the reaction in DCE solvent. But unfortunately the reaction was not completed at 0 °C using 10 mol-% of ortho-phosphoric acid. Raising the temperature to 25 °C accomplished the F-C reaction with 81 % isolated yield of the regioselectively desired 3-(3-indolyl)-oxindole-3-methanol product (Table 1, entries 1 and 2). Next we changed the Brønsted acids to increase the yield of the desired product. But we were unfortunate to ac- quire significant amount of desired product with catalytic amount of benzoic acid, p-nitro benzoic acid, triflic acid (entries 3–5). Eventually, we were delighted to achieve the desired F-C product in presence of 10 mol-% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) with excellent isolated yield (92 %) within 6 h at 25 °C (entry 6). Further increase of the Brønsted acid did not affect the yield or time, on the contrary diminishing the amount of Brønsted acid decelerated the reaction with incomplete conversion. Thus 10 mol-% of TFA in DCE at 25 °C was the most accepted condition.
Method A: Optimisation with Brønsted Acids in Organic Solvent
After successful optimisation, we wished to generalise the method. With this intention, we executed the F-C reaction with an assemblage of spiro-epoxyoxindoles and indoles. Almost all the cases, we achieved similar yield to that of our previously mentioned Lewis acid condition. Only electron withdrawing group on both spiro-epoxide as well as indole demanded more time for complete conversion.
Not only unprotected indoles, we also performed the reaction with N-protected indoles (Scheme 3). With N-methyl as well as N-benzyl indoles, we obtained regioselectively desired prod- uct 3,3-bisindole along with 15–20 % of 3,2-bisindole as a side product. But when we performed the same reaction with elec- tron withdrawing protecting group, viz. N-benzoyl indole we gained exclusively C(3)-C(3) product with very good (78 % to 82 %) isolated yield.
Method B: Optimisation of on-Water Reaction
Water has a long history as a reaction medium in organic chem- istry.[20] As a solvent, it possesses a very interesting property due to its extensive H-bonding ability. According to Jung- Marcus theory,[21] approximately 25 % of water molecules hav- ing free OH groups at the interface are available for potential H-bonding with the substrate on the surface. Recently, we dis- covered catalyst-free on-water regio- and stereoselective ring opening of spiroaziridine oxindoles with indoles.[17] This led us to presume that water can also activate spiro-epoxyoxindole similar to that of spiro-aziridine. But the extent of H-bonding is less in case of spiro-epoxide compare to spiroaziridine.
This attributed to the incomplete reaction, alongwith sub- stantial amount of yield (Table 2, entry 1). To increase the H- bonding activity, we then planned to use different Brønsted acids as a promoter. We initiated our inspection with the model substrate N-methyl spiro-epoxyoxindole 1a with indole using TFA as a promoter in aqueous medium. While 0.5 equiv. of TFA yielded 41 % yield at 50 °C, 1.0 equiv. of TFA afforded up to 50–52 % yield (entries 2–4).
Employing ortho-phosphoric acid instead of TFA did not in- crease the yield (entries 5, 6). On the contrary, more acidic triflic acid reduced the yield of the desired product due to C3-proto- nation of indole (entry 7). Next we applied relatively less acidic acetic acid which led to the clean reaction profile. With 0.5 equiv. of acetic acid at 50 °C rendered 42 % yield, while increasing the temperature as well as amount of acetic acid up to 1.0 equiv. improved the yield up to 68 % (entries 8–10).
In contrast, a large excess of acetic acid (water/acetic acid = 9:1) led to messy reaction with reduced yield (entry 11). Thus
1.0 equiv. of acetic acid in water at 80 °C was the most suitable condition here.
With these optimised conditions in hand, we desired to ex- tend the substrate scope for the Brønsted acid promoted on- water ring opening reaction of spiro-epoxyoxindoles with indoles (Scheme 5). All the electron donating as well as electron withdrawing groups of spiro-epoxyoxindoles were well-toler- ated under optimised condition. All underwent smooth reac- tion rendering the desired 3, 3-bisindoles with moderate yield. It was also observed that all the spiro-epoxides irrespective of substitution or protection required longer times for completion than the previously described methods. Due to the nucleophilic character of water, we obtained a minor amount (15–20 %) of water adduct product in all the cases. Along with a minute amount of acetate adduct (<10 %) was also detected during the course of the reaction. These unwanted side reactions de- creased the overall yield of the desired 3,3 bisindole methanols 3.
We also unveiled the F-C reaction of spiro-epoxyoxindole with 3-substituted indole which might provide the bisindole with vicinal all-carbon quaternary centers. Consequently, com- pound 1c was treated with 3-methyl indole 4a under Brønsted acid catalysed condition in organic solvent (DCE) (Scheme 6). Interestingly, it afforded tetrahydrospirofuro-bisindole 5a hav- ing vicinal all- carbon quaternary centers as a diastereomeric mixture along with 2,3-bisindole 5a. It seemed epoxide open- ing with 3-methyl indole followed by intramolecular cyclization of the intermediate imine X afforded the tricyclic tetrahydro- furoindole core. Next we also examined the similar kind of reac- tion between N-benzyl spiro-epoxide 1b and 3-methyl N- benzoyl indole 4b under the same Method A. Consequently, both the reactions manifested identical outcome.
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4-[(Ethylsulfamoyl)methyl]benzoic acidCatalog No.:AA01EH47 CAS No.:1099184-28-7 MDL No.:MFCD11649782 MF:C10H13NO4S MW:243.2795 |
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