Fine-Tuning the Nucleophilic Reactivities of Boron Ate Complexes Derived from Aryl and Heteroaryl Boronic Esters

2019-11-27 09:27:32

 

Guillaume Berionni, Artem I. Leonov, Peter Mayer, Armin R. Ofial, and Herbert Mayr*
Dedicated to Dr. Klaus Rçmer on the occasion of his 75th birthday

 

Boron ate complexes (BACs), which are readily available by treatment of boronic esters R-B(OR)2 with organolithium compounds, are air-stable, functional-group-tolerant nucleophiles,[1] which undergo various noncatalyzed reactions with electrophiles.[2–5] Their treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride yields intermediate borinic esters which undergo stereoselective allylation reactions with aldehydes, ketones, and imines, when allylboronates are used as precursors.[2]

 

Following the principle of the Zweifel olefination[3] (Scheme 1, reaction 1), Aggarwal et al. recently reported that treatment of BACs with suitable electrophiles led to the stereospecific coupling of arenes with secondary alkyl groups (Scheme 1, reaction 2).[4]

 

In contrast, BACs with less-electron-rich arenes (Scheme 1, reaction 3) were attacked by electrophiles at the boron-substituted sp3-hybridized carbon, and the coupling products R-E were formed with a high degree of inversion.[5] Chiral BACs, derived from secondary boronic esters, reacted in this way with a broad range of carbon-, oxygen- and nitrogen-centered electrophiles, including carbenium and iminium ions.[5]

 

Borate salts M+ arylBX3 with electron-rich arene rings, on the other hand, are known to react with electrophiles at the ipso position of the aryl ring.[6] We have recently demonstrated that the nucleophilicities of thiophenes, furans, and indoles bearing boron substituents, such as -B(OR)3, -BF3,-B(pin), and -B(MIDA) (MIDA = N-methyliminodiacetate), span a reactivity range of ten orders of magnitude.[7] We now report that BACs with two aryl rings behave similarly and describe their isolation and X-ray structures as well as the determination of their nucleophilicities by the benzhydrylium
methodology.[8]

 

Following a procedure by Brown,[1a,b] we added the thienyl boronic esters 1 a–d to ethereal solutions of the trifluoromethylated aryllithium compounds 2 and 2’ and then removed the solvent by evaporation to produce the lithium BACs (3–4)-Li+ as colorless crystalline solids (Scheme 2). The 11B NMR spectra of all BACs show a sharp resonance at d+ 2 to + 10 ppm that is characteristic of an anionic tetracoordinated boron atom derived from boronic esters.[1] No decomposition of these BACs in CD3CN solutions was observed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy over several days at 208C.[9]

 

As shown in Scheme 3, addition of thienyl- and furyllithium derivatives 5 and 5’ to the pinacol boronates 6 and 7 produced the respective BACs (8–14)-Li+ in good yields. The tetraethylammonium salt 8 Et4N+ was obtained by cation metathesis from 8-Li+ with Et4N+Cl.

 

Crystals of 3 a-Li+·(MeCN)3 suitable for X-ray analysis were grown by storing a concentrated MeCN solution of 3 aLi+ at 0 8C for one week. Its solid-state structure (Figure 1 a) shows that the lithium cation is coordinated to one oxygen of the pinacol moiety (Li–O1 = 1.924 ) as well as to three MeCN molecules (Li–N = 2.070 average).[10] Single crystals of the catechol borate 4 d-Li+·(THF)3 were obtained by vapor diffusion of n-pentane into its solution in THF. Figure 1 b shows that Li+ is coordinated to a catechol oxygen and to three THF molecules.[10] The quaternary boron atoms in both BACs have perfect tetrahedral environments (tetrahedral character > 99.9%).[11, 12]

 

The kinetics of the reactions of the BACs 3–4 and 8–14 with the benzhydrylium ions 15 a–d were monitored by timeresolved UV/Vis spectroscopy in CH3CN at the lmax of 15 (Table 1). In the presence of more than ten equivalents of the BACs, monoexponential decays of the benzhydrylium ions absorbances were observed, indicating pseudo-first-order kinetics. The second-order rate constants k2 reported in Table 2 were derived from the slopes of the plots of kobs (s1) versus the concentration of the BACs (see the Supporting Information).

 

Kinetic experiments revealed that 8-Li+ was three times less reactive than its sodium analogue 8-Na+ (Scheme 4),[13] in line with the coordination of the Li+ cation to an oxygen atom of the pinacol ligand, which decreases the electron density of the thiophene–boron bond. The reactivity of 8-Et4N+ is in between that of 8-Na+ and 8-Li+, indicating that Et4N+ slightly reduces the nucleophilicity of 8, probably by the formation of a CH···O hydrogen bond with the oxygen atoms of the pinacol ligand.[14] Nevertheless, the kinetic data show that counterions have only a small effect on the nucleophilicities of BACs in CH3CN.

 

The small values of the Hammett reaction constants (1 1), derived from the correlations in Figure 2, indicate a transition state resembling a s-adduct (Scheme 5), in which the cleavage of the CB bond is not far advanced. As shown in Scheme 6, the reaction of the NMe2 derivative 12-Li+ with electrophiles is not regioselective, and the attack at the thiophene ring of 12-Li+ is only slightly faster than the attack at the dimethylaniline ring. As electrophilic attack at the aryl group is least likely when these are carrying electron-withdrawing groups, the aryl lithium compounds 2 and 2’ are often used for the activation of boronic esters in synthetic applications.[4, 5]

 

Scheme 7 shows that the ethylene glycol and neopentyl glycol derived BACs 3 b, 3 c, and 4 c are roughly 104 times more reactive than the pinacol and catechol BACs 3 a, 4 a, and 4 d, in line with previous qualitative observations.[15] The origin of these differences is revealed by quantum chemical calculations. It has already been reported that catechol boronates are significantly stronger Lewis acids than ethylene glycol and neopentyl glycol derived boronates because a phenolate oxgen exerts a weaker +M effect than an alkoxide oxygen.[16]

 

In line with these findings we calculated that the protodeborylation of a catechol-derived BAC is significantly less exothermic than than the analogous reaction of the other BACs (Scheme 8). The fact that the nucleophilicity of the catechol-derived BAC 4 d is 104 times lower than that of 4 c (Scheme 7) shows that a fraction of this difference in reaction energies is already observed in the transition states of the
reactions with benzydrylium ions.

On the other hand, similar exothermicities are calculated for the proto-deborylations of the B(pin), B(gly), and B(neo) derivatives (Scheme 8). For that reason, we can conclude that the difference in nucleophilicities of the BACs 3 a and 3 b is exclusively due to steric effects. The identical nucleophilicities of 3 b and 3 c, in line with the comparable reaction energies of the corresponding proto-deborylations shown in Scheme 8, furthermore show that conceivable stereoelectronic effects (ideal overlap of the empty p orbital at boron with the oxygen lone pair) do not increase the reactivity of the neopentyl derivatives 3 c and 4 c.

 

Substitution of the second-order rate constants k2 determined in this work into Equation (1),[7, 8] which characterizes electrophiles by the electrophilicity parameter E and nuclelg k2 ð20 CÞ ¼ sNðN þ EÞ ð1Þ ophiles by the nucleophilicity parameter N and the sensitivity parameter sN, allows us to determine N and sN for the BACs 3–4 and 8–14 (Table 2) and to compare them with related nucleophiles (Figure 3). 

 

In conclusion, we have found that the nucleophilic reactivity of the furylboronate 1’ (N = 2.90) is increased by a factor > 105 by the addition of 4-CF3-phenyllithium (2’) to give 14 (Figure 3). A somewhat stronger activation can be achieved with aryllithium compounds carrying electrondonating substituents, but one has to take care that in these cases electrophiles are not directed to the aryl ring (Scheme 6).

 

While the nucleophilic reactivies of the BACs depend only slightly on their counterions, the nature of the diol ligand has a profound effect on its nucleophilicity. Thus, the -B(gly) and-B(neo) derivatives are 104 times more reactive than the-B(pin) and -B(cat) derivatives. With these data in hand, we now have a quantitative basis for fine-tuning the nucleophilic reactivities of boron ate complexes for synthetic applications.

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MF:C18H16N2O3S MW:340.3962

89-55-4

N'-[(1E)-(5,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylidene]-4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonohydrazide

Catalog No.:AA00ITEQ

CAS No.:1026230-71-6 MDL No.:MFCD01567451

MF:C19H18N2O4S MW:370.4222

89-55-4

12-acetyl-1,4-dioxa-9-thia-12-azadispiro[4.2.4.2]tetradecane-11-carboxylic acid

Catalog No.:AA00IUFG

CAS No.:1025707-45-2 MDL No.:MFCD08281866

MF:C13H19NO5S MW:301.3587

89-55-4

6,8-dichloro-2-[(E)-2-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one

Catalog No.:AA00IV42

CAS No.:1025679-04-2 MDL No.:MFCD00170881

MF:C16H7Cl3N2O4 MW:397.5968

89-55-4

ethyl (2Z)-2-cyano-3-{[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]amino}prop-2-enoate

Catalog No.:AA00IV6P

CAS No.:1025644-67-0 MDL No.:MFCD01567352

MF:C13H13FN2O2 MW:248.2529

89-55-4

(2E)-2-{[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)amino]methylidene}-3-oxo-N-phenylbutanamide

Catalog No.:AA00IV75

CAS No.:1025630-40-3 MDL No.:MFCD00955262

MF:C19H20N2O4 MW:340.3731

89-55-4

[(E)-[(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenyl)methylidene]amino]urea

Catalog No.:AA00IV7R

CAS No.:1025634-84-7 MDL No.:MFCD00955427

MF:C14H10ClF3N4O2 MW:358.7030

89-55-4

4-chloro-6-{4-[5-(2-furyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidino}-2-pyrimidinylamine

Catalog No.:AA00IW2T

CAS No.:1026080-38-5 MDL No.:MFCD05974964

MF:C16H17ClN6O MW:344.7988

89-55-4

3-chloro-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydro-2-naphthalenaminium chloride

Catalog No.:AA00IW8Y

CAS No.:1025759-03-8 MDL No.:MFCD03617577

MF:C15H18Cl2N2O2 MW:329.2216

89-55-4

4-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-{[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid

Catalog No.:AA00IWRA

CAS No.:1025773-67-4 MDL No.:MFCD00955003

MF:C22H24N2O4 MW:380.437

89-55-4

(2E)-2-({[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}methylidene)-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanenitrile

Catalog No.:AA00IX7K

CAS No.:1025659-82-8 MDL No.:MFCD00245423

MF:C15H14F4N2O MW:314.2781

89-55-4

2-{[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)amino]methylidene}propanedinitrile

Catalog No.:AA00IX8K

CAS No.:1025997-07-2 MDL No.:MFCD00246013

MF:C11H7N3O2 MW:213.1922

89-55-4

N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1-sulfonamide

Catalog No.:AA00IX8T

CAS No.:1025797-90-3 MDL No.:MFCD00955225

MF:C11H9F3N2O3S MW:306.261

89-55-4

ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy-2-(methoxyimino)butanoate

Catalog No.:AA00IXZ4

CAS No.:102608-31-1 MDL No.:MFCD03012126

MF:C7H10F3NO4 MW:229.1538

89-55-4

2-(4-{5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl}piperidino)acetonitrile

Catalog No.:AA00IYK4

CAS No.:1025724-64-4 MDL No.:MFCD05256161

MF:C17H17F3N4 MW:334.3389

89-55-4

4-chloro-6-{4-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]piperidino}-2-pyrimidinamine

Catalog No.:AA00IZ48

CAS No.:1026093-00-4 MDL No.:MFCD05668930

MF:C19H21ClN6O MW:384.8626

89-55-4

(2Z)-3-[(4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]-2-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)prop-2-enenitrile

Catalog No.:AA00IZZY

CAS No.:1025678-47-0 MDL No.:MFCD00245823

MF:C15H13ClN4O2S MW:348.8073

89-55-4

(3Z)-3-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)amino]but-3-en-2-one

Catalog No.:AA00J00L

CAS No.:1025680-73-2 MDL No.:MFCD00246096

MF:C16H13ClFNO3S MW:353.7957

89-55-4

(2Z)-2-{[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylidene}-5,6-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

Catalog No.:AA00J01F

CAS No.:1025637-49-3 MDL No.:MFCD01567456

MF:C19H16F2O4 MW:346.3247

89-55-4

3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylcarbonyl)-1H-indazole

Catalog No.:AA00J0M7

CAS No.:1025910-84-2 MDL No.:MFCD26130293

MF:C11H8N4O MW:212.2074

89-55-4

Methyl-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylmethyl)amine hydrochloride

Catalog No.:AA00J0VH

CAS No.:1025735-75-4 MDL No.:MFCD14707634

MF:C6H12ClN3 MW:161.6326

89-55-4

N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(propylamino)propanamide hydrochloride

Catalog No.:AA019IP3

CAS No.:1025735-37-8 MDL No.:MFCD07308453

MF:C12H18Cl2N2O MW:277.1901

89-55-4

{[2,5-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]methyl}trimethylazanium iodide

Catalog No.:AA019OGZ

CAS No.:1025737-67-0 MDL No.:MFCD07339030

MF:C17H25IN2 MW:384.2983

89-55-4

5-(Chlorosulfonyl)-4-fluoro-2-methylbenzoic acid

Catalog No.:AA01A1IN

CAS No.:1026030-54-5 MDL No.:MFCD03120462

MF:C8H6ClFO4S MW:252.6472

89-55-4

2-Azido-N-phenylacetamide

Catalog No.:AA01A1U1

CAS No.:10258-71-6 MDL No.:MFCD14652253

MF:C8H8N4O MW:176.1753

89-55-4

4-methoxypyridazin-3-amine

Catalog No.:AA01A5PS

CAS No.:1026194-47-7 MDL No.:MFCD19213749

MF:C5H7N3O MW:125.1286

89-55-4

2-amino-N-ethyl-5-fluorobenzene-1-sulfonamide

Catalog No.:AA01A5YV

CAS No.:1026183-64-1 MDL No.:MFCD12774449

MF:C8H11FN2O2S MW:218.2485

89-55-4

(1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanol

Catalog No.:AA01A6PY

CAS No.:1026133-62-9 MDL No.:MFCD11844966

MF:C9H10N4O MW:190.2019

89-55-4

(1S)-1-(4-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)ethan-1-ol

Catalog No.:AA01BBJC

CAS No.:1026088-11-8 MDL No.:MFCD22570034

MF:C8H8BrFO MW:219.0509

89-55-4

1-(carboxymethyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid

Catalog No.:AA01BCV8

CAS No.:1025871-64-0 MDL No.:MFCD19691373

MF:C8H7NO5 MW:197.1449

89-55-4

N-{1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4-ylidene}hydroxylamine

Catalog No.:AA01BG86

CAS No.:1026035-03-9 MDL No.:MFCD28125072

MF:C7H12N2O MW:140.1830

89-55-4

1,2-difluoro-4-[(E)-2-nitroethenyl]benzene

Catalog No.:AA01DX4I

CAS No.:1025692-47-0 MDL No.:MFCD01317618

MF:C8H5F2NO2 MW:185.1276

89-55-4

(S, Z)-4-((1-(tert-butylamino)-3-((4-morpholino-1, 2, 5- thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid

Catalog No.:AA01EH4M

CAS No.:1026075-53-5 MDL No.:

MF:C17H26N4O6S MW:414.4765

89-55-4

(5Z)-2-[(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)amino]-5-(6-quinoxalinylmethylene)-4(5H)-thiazolone

Catalog No.:AA01ENEK

CAS No.:1025821-33-3 MDL No.:MFCD31689261

MF:C18H10Cl2N4OS MW:401.2692

89-55-4

Bis(prop-2-en-1-yl)(pyren-1-ylmethyl)amine

Catalog No.:AA01FB25

CAS No.:102592-39-2 MDL No.:MFCD00962124

MF:C23H21N MW:311.4195

89-55-4

Dodecyl 3-oxo-2-piperazineacetate

Catalog No.:AA01FO8J

CAS No.:1025736-42-8 MDL No.:

MF:C18H34N2O3 MW:326.4742

89-55-4

2-Fluoro-5-(Tributylstannyl)Pyridine

Catalog No.:AA0007N7

CAS No.:1025687-41-5 MDL No.:MFCD07787406

MF:C17H30FNSn MW:386.1262

89-55-4

Calciumsulfite

Catalog No.:AA0007OD

CAS No.:10257-55-3 MDL No.:MFCD00040663

MF:CaO3S MW:120.1412

89-55-4

7-amino-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-one

Catalog No.:AA01DX4J

CAS No.:1025898-12-7 MDL No.:MFCD20718206

MF:C9H9FN2O MW:180.179

89-55-4

4-(Tributylstannyl)-1H-indole

Catalog No.:AA01FFZE

CAS No.:1025745-98-5 MDL No.:MFCD09265481

MF:C20H33NSn MW:406.1837

89-55-4

2-Amino-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarbonitrile

Catalog No.:AA0007SQ

CAS No.:1026039-34-8 MDL No.:MFCD11106702

MF:C7H4F3N3 MW:187.1220

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