Amine Functional Group

Amines are compounds characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom, a lone pair of electrons, and three substituents.  The amine functional group contains a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. As such, the group is derivative of ammonia, in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a carbon-containing substituent. Compounds with the nitrogen group attached to a carbonyl within the structure are referred to as amides, and they have the structure R-CO-NR’R”. Amine groups bonded to an aromatic (conjugated cyclic) structure are known as aromatic amines. The aromatic structure effectively decreases the alkalinity of the amine, while the presence of the amine group significantly decreases the reactivity of the ring due to an electron donating effect. The prefix “amino-” or the suffix “-amine” is used when naming an amine compound. An organic compound with multiple amino groups is called a diamine, triamine, tetramine, etc.

 

Amines are generally organized into categories based on their bonding environments. Amines that have one of their three hydrogen atoms replaced by an alkyl or aromatic substituent are referred to as primary amines. Secondary amines are those that have two substituents and one hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen. Tertiary amines are amines whose hydrogens have been completely replaced by organic substituents. Finally, cyclic amines are those in which the nitrogen has been incorporated into a ring structure, effectively making it either a secondary or tertiary amine. The general structure of an amine contains a nitrogen atom, a lone pair of electrons, and three substituents. However, it is possible to have four organic substituents on the nitrogen, making it an ammonium cation with a charged nitrogen center.

 

Amines are able to hydrogen bond. As a result, the boiling points of these compounds are higher than those of the corresponding phosphines, but lower than those of the corresponding alcohols, which hydrogen bond to a stronger extent. Amines also display some solubility in water. However, the solubility decreases with an increase in carbon atoms, due to the increased hydrophobicity of the compound as the chain length increases. Aliphatic amines, which are amines connected to an alkyl chain, display solubility in organic polar solvents. Aromatic amines, which are amines that participate in a conjugated ring, donate their lone pair of electrons into the benzene ring, and thus their ability to engage in hydrogen bonding decreases. This results in a decrease in their solubility in water and high boiling points.

 

Amines of the type NHRR’ and NR’R”R”’ are chiral molecules and can undergo inversion. Since the barrier for inversion is quite low (~7 kcal/mol), these compounds cannot be resolved optically. Amines are bases, and their basicity depends on the electronic properties of the substituents (alkyl groups enhance the basicity; aryl groups diminish it), steric hindrance, and the degree of solvation of the protonated amine. In general, the effect of alkyl groups raises the energy of the lone pair of electrons, thus elevating the basicity. Thus, the basicity of an amine can be expected to increase with the number of alkyl groups on the amine. Additionally, the effect of the aromatic ring delocalizes the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen into the ring, resulting in decreased basicity. The solvation of protonated amines changes upon their conversion to ammonium compounds. Typically, salts of ammonium compounds exhibit the following order of solubility in water: primary ammonium (RNH3+) > secondary ammonium (R2NH2+) > tertiary ammonium (R3NH+). Quaternary ammonium salts usually exhibit the lowest solubility of the series.

 

Industrially, amines are prepared from ammonia by alkylation with alcohols. They can also be prepared via reduction of nitriles to amines using hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Amines are quite reactive due to their basicity as well as their nucleophilicity. Most primary amines are good ligands and react with metal ions to yield coordination complexes. One of the most important reactions for amines is their formation of imines, or organic compounds where nitrogen participates in a double bond, upon reacting with ketones or aldehydes.

 

Amines are ubiquitous in biology. Many important molecules are amine-based, such as neurotransmitters and amino acids. Their applications in the world include being starting material for dyes and models for drug design. They are also used for gas treatment, such as removing CO2 from combustion gases.
 

 

AA Blocks offers a wide range of amines:

5-Bromopyrimidine-2,4-diamine Catalog No.:AA0001TO CAS No.:1004-01-9 MDL No.:MFCD11848482 MF:C4H5BrN4 MW:189.0133	2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine Catalog No.:AA0001U6 CAS No.:1004-38-2 MDL No.:MFCD00006100 MF:C4H7N5 MW:125.1319
4,6-Diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidine Catalog No.:AA0001U5 CAS No.:1004-39-3 MDL No.:MFCD00149406 MF:C4H6N4S MW:142.1822	1,2-Benzisoxazol-3-amine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro- Catalog No.:AA0001U0 CAS No.:1004-64-4 MDL No.:MFCD19205004 MF:C7H10N2O MW:138.1671
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) 4-methyl-2-nitroaniline Catalog No.:AA0001VG CAS No.:100418-33-5 MDL No.:MFCD00274758 MF:C9H12N2O3 MW:196.2032	Benzeneethanamine, 2,4-dichloro-α-ethyl- Catalog No.:AA0001VX CAS No.:1004284-08-5 MDL No.:MFCD11937066 MF:C10H13Cl2N MW:218.1229
6-Bromo-5-chloropyridin-2-amine Catalog No.:AA0001VW CAS No.:1004294-58-9 MDL No.:MFCD16556292 MF:C5H4BrClN2 MW:207.4557	2,N-Dimethyl-n-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-1-amino-2-propanol Catalog No.:AA0001WP CAS No.:100442-33-9 MDL No.:MFCD07782118 MF:C20H27NO MW:297.4345
3-Amino-2,4-dimethylphenol Catalog No.:AA0001XH CAS No.:100445-96-3 MDL No.:MFCD14706041 MF:C8H11NO MW:137.1790	1H-Pyrazole-1-ethanamine, 3-cyclopropyl- Catalog No.:AA0001X4 CAS No.:1004451-87-9 MDL No.:MFCD06740526 MF:C8H13N3 MW:151.2089
N-(4-Aminophenyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetamide Catalog No.:AA0001XZ CAS No.:100450-98-4 MDL No.:MFCD03274586 MF:C13H19N3O MW:233.3095	N-Boc-3-pyrrolidinone Catalog No.:AA00049U CAS No.:101385-93-7 MDL No.:MFCD09749952 MF:C9H15NO3 MW:185.2203
1,4-Oxazepan-5-one Catalog No.:AA0032KC CAS No.:10341-26-1 MDL No.:MFCD02683091 MF:C5H9NO2 MW:115.1305	D-Homoserine lactone HCl Catalog No.:AA0034MA CAS No.:104347-13-9 MDL No.:MFCD00674071 MF:C4H8ClNO2 MW:137.5648
Methyl 2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate Catalog No.:AA003RKY CAS No.:10472-24-9 MDL No.:MFCD00001411 MF:C7H10O3 MW:142.1525	Acethydrazide Catalog No.:AA003NKW CAS No.:1068-57-1 MDL No.:MFCD00007610 MF:C2H6N2O MW:74.0818
4-Bromobenzocyclobutene Catalog No.:AA0033VJ CAS No.:1073-39-8 MDL No.:MFCD09029072 MF:C8H7Br MW:183.0452	Dimethyl malonate Catalog No.:AA003PJE CAS No.:108-59-8 MDL No.:MFCD00008460 MF:C5H8O4 MW:132.1146
tert-Butyl 6-hydroxy-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane-2-carboxylate Catalog No.:AA000F38 CAS No.:1147557-97-8 MDL No.:MFCD15071431 MF:C11H19NO3 MW:213.2735	Trimethyl(bromodifluoromethyl)silane Catalog No.:AA000GG7 CAS No.:115262-01-6 MDL No.:MFCD18641931 MF:C4H9BrF2Si MW:203.1006
3-Amino-3-(3-bromophenyl)propanoic acid Catalog No.:AA000E54 CAS No.:117391-50-1 MDL No.:MFCD00995843 MF:C9H10BrNO2 MW:244.0852	(E)-1-Ethoxyethene-2-boronic acid pinacol ester Catalog No.:AA000QH0 CAS No.:1201905-61-4 MDL No.:MFCD09998813 MF:C10H19BO3 MW:198.0671
Ethane, 1,1',1''-[methylidynetris(oxy)]tris- Catalog No.:AA0016GD CAS No.:122-51-0 MDL No.:MFCD00009230 MF:C7H16O3 MW:148.2001	3-Bromo-4-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid Catalog No.:AA000YP3 CAS No.:1290117-21-3 MDL No.:MFCD18914494 MF:C7H3BrFNO4 MW:264.0054
Dl-3-amino-3-(2-naphthyl)propionic acid Catalog No.:AA000YPR CAS No.:129042-57-5 MDL No.:MFCD01871322 MF:C13H13NO2 MW:215.2478	1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone Catalog No.:AA003825 CAS No.:130336-16-2 MDL No.:MFCD01319996 MF:C8H3Cl2F3O MW:243.0100
N-(Benzyloxycarbonyloxy)succinimide Catalog No.:AA00357U CAS No.:13139-17-8 MDL No.:MFCD00005513 MF:C12H11NO5 MW:249.2194	Dibenzofuran Catalog No.:AA000ZYP CAS No.:132-64-9 MDL No.:MFCD00004968 MF:C12H8O MW:168.1913
Methyl L-3-phenyllactate Catalog No.:AA00387Y CAS No.:13673-95-5 MDL No.:MFCD00038224 MF:C10H12O3 MW:180.2005	1H-Pyrazol-3-ol Catalog No.:AA0012LG CAS No.:137-45-1 MDL No.:MFCD00629300 MF:C3H4N2O MW:84.0767
Boc-Val-OH Catalog No.:AA00357Z CAS No.:13734-41-3 MDL No.:MFCD00065605 MF:C10H19NO4 MW:217.2622	3-Bromoisonicotinic acid Catalog No.:AA001B92 CAS No.:13959-02-9 MDL No.:MFCD00040944 MF:C6H4BrNO2 MW:202.0055
N,N,N'-Trimethylethylenediamine Catalog No.:AA00380S CAS No.:142-25-6 MDL No.:MFCD00014874 MF:C5H14N2 MW:102.1781	tert-Butyl (3R)-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate Catalog No.:AA0032BT CAS No.:143900-43-0 MDL No.:MFCD04115306 MF:C10H19NO3 MW:201.2628
4-Methoxytrityl chloride Catalog No.:AA001JY8 CAS No.:14470-28-1 MDL No.:MFCD00000814 MF:C20H17ClO MW:308.8014	tert-Butyl 3-oxocyclobutanecarboxylate Catalog No.:AA001D39 CAS No.:145549-76-4 MDL No.:MFCD12827541 MF:C9H14O3 MW:170.2057
3-Amino-3-phenyl-1-propanol Catalog No.:AA001DG2 CAS No.:14593-04-5 MDL No.:MFCD00801124 MF:C9H13NO MW:151.2056	3-Amino-L-alanine, HCl Catalog No.:AA001FGA CAS No.:1482-97-9 MDL No.:MFCD00065497 MF:C3H9ClN2O2 MW:140.5688
N-Boc-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine Catalog No.:AA006U9O CAS No.:152120-61-1 MDL No.:MFCD00216663 MF:C9H14N4O2 MW:210.2331	2-Chloro-3-formyl-4-iodopyridine Catalog No.:AA003879 CAS No.:153034-90-3 MDL No.:MFCD03095294 MF:C6H3ClINO MW:267.4516
2-Methyl-[1,8]naphthyridine Catalog No.:AA001P02 CAS No.:1569-16-0 MDL No.:MFCD04066717 MF:C9H8N2 MW:144.1732	2-Methoxypyridine-5-boronic acid Catalog No.:AA001TOD CAS No.:163105-89-3 MDL No.:MFCD02093044 MF:C6H8BNO3 MW:152.9436
(S)-(+)-Mandelic acid, 98% e.e. Catalog No.:AA003505 CAS No.:17199-29-0 MDL No.:MFCD00004495 MF:C8H8O3 MW:152.1473	O-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine Catalog No.:AA002026 CAS No.:17508-17-7 MDL No.:MFCD00075001 MF:C6H5N3O5 MW:199.1210
1,4-Dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane Catalog No.:AA0024ZX CAS No.:177-11-7 MDL No.:MFCD00005976 MF:C7H13NO2 MW:143.1836	(R)-2-Amino-1,1,1-trifluoropropane HCl Catalog No.:AA002590 CAS No.:177469-12-4 MDL No.:MFCD07779095 MF:C3H7ClF3N MW:149.5426
1-Amino-3-butene hydrochloride Catalog No.:AA00267X CAS No.:17875-18-2 MDL No.:MFCD05663670 MF:C4H10ClN MW:107.5819	2-Methyl-3-nitropyridine Catalog No.:AA003HJZ CAS No.:18699-87-1 MDL No.:MFCD04114137 MF:C6H6N2O2 MW:138.1240
Methyl 6-aminohexanoate, HCl Catalog No.:AA002G1Q CAS No.:1926-80-3 MDL No.:MFCD00035455 MF:C7H16ClNO2 MW:181.6604	3,4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine, HCl Catalog No.:AA002AUC CAS No.:19763-90-7 MDL No.:MFCD00012937 MF:C6H7Cl3N2 MW:213.4922
3-Amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoic acid Catalog No.:AA002C2A CAS No.:19947-39-8 MDL No.:MFCD00126370 MF:C9H10ClNO2 MW:199.6342	Methoxyacetic acid hydrazide Catalog No.:AA002AFN CAS No.:20605-41-8 MDL No.:MFCD02197887 MF:C3H8N2O2 MW:104.1078
Chlorotitanium triisopropoxide Catalog No.:AA0034J0 CAS No.:20717-86-6 MDL No.:MFCD00009861 MF:C9H21ClO3Ti MW:260.5812	2-Fluoro-4-iodopyridine Catalog No.:AA00338A CAS No.:22282-70-8 MDL No.:MFCD03092926 MF:C5H3FIN MW:222.9869
Cyclopropylmethanamine Catalog No.:AA002QME CAS No.:2516-47-4 MDL No.:MFCD12407110 MF:C4H9N MW:71.1210	3-Bromo-5-methylisoxazole Catalog No.:AA0037NL CAS No.:25741-97-3 MDL No.:MFCD06660140 MF:C4H4BrNO MW:161.9847
Methyl 4-oxotetrahydrothiophene-3-carboxylate Catalog No.:AA0035RP CAS No.:2689-68-1 MDL No.:MFCD00052381 MF:C6H8O3S MW:160.1909	4-Amino-2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine Catalog No.:AA002UYU CAS No.:2897-43-0 MDL No.:MFCD03265754 MF:C5H3Cl2N3O2 MW:208.0022
Silver trifluoromethanesulfonate Catalog No.:AA002XPK CAS No.:2923-28-6 MDL No.:MFCD00013226 MF:CAgF3O3S MW:256.9373	(2-Fluorophenyl)hydrazine, HCl Catalog No.:AA002XR2 CAS No.:2924-15-4 MDL No.:MFCD00012927 MF:C6H8ClFN2 MW:162.5925
2-Chlorothiazole Catalog No.:AA002ZQI CAS No.:3034-52-4 MDL No.:MFCD00210701 MF:C3H2ClNS MW:119.5727	5-Nitropicolinic acid Catalog No.:AA0030OZ CAS No.:30651-24-2 MDL No.:MFCD04114182 MF:C6H4N2O4 MW:168.1070
5-Hydroxypyridine-2-carbaldehyde Catalog No.:AA00BFC8 CAS No.:31191-08-9 MDL No.:MFCD10697538 MF:C6H5NO2 MW:123.1094	D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone Catalog No.:AA0034M7 CAS No.:32449-92-6 MDL No.:MFCD00135622 MF:C6H8O6 MW:176.1241
3-Amino-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid Catalog No.:AA0033I5 CAS No.:325-89-3 MDL No.:MFCD00181811 MF:C9H10FNO2 MW:183.1796	3-Bromo-4-methylpyridine Catalog No.:AA0033JJ CAS No.:3430-22-6 MDL No.:MFCD00082592 MF:C6H6BrN MW:172.0225
1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane Catalog No.:AA003D2R CAS No.:353-83-3 MDL No.:MFCD00449104 MF:C2H2F3I MW:209.9370	1-Bromo-2-methylpropan-2-ol Catalog No.:AA00394E CAS No.:38254-49-8 MDL No.:MFCD20621218 MF:C4H9BrO MW:153.0177
3-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Catalog No.:AA00BYHV CAS No.:3883-95-2 MDL No.:MFCD03265705 MF:C31H62O3Si MW:510.9077	4-Piperidone monohydrate, HCl Catalog No.:AA00342A CAS No.:40064-34-4 MDL No.:MFCD00012776 MF:C5H12ClNO2 MW:153.6073
Ethyl 4,6-dichloronicotinate Catalog No.:AA0034SB CAS No.:40296-46-6 MDL No.:MFCD00234408 MF:C8H7Cl2NO2 MW:220.0527	N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-l-glutamic acid Catalog No.:AA003S8V CAS No.:4271-30-1 MDL No.:MFCD00042821 MF:C12H14N2O5 MW:266.2500
6-Bromo-2-nitropyridin-3-ol Catalog No.:AA0037S2 CAS No.:443956-08-9 MDL No.:MFCD09261204 MF:C5H3BrN2O3 MW:218.9929	2-Chloro-5-nitropyridine Catalog No.:AA003GWU CAS No.:4548-45-2 MDL No.:MFCD00006240 MF:C5H3ClN2O2 MW:158.5425
1-Iodo-3,3,3-trifluoropropane Catalog No.:AA0032PM CAS No.:460-37-7 MDL No.:MFCD00038531 MF:C3H4F3I MW:223.9635	4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-butanol Catalog No.:AA0033RM CAS No.:461-18-7 MDL No.:MFCD00041483 MF:C4H7F3O MW:128.0930
1-Bromo-3,5-difluorobenzene Catalog No.:AA0032MT CAS No.:461-96-1 MDL No.:MFCD00010305 MF:C6H3BrF2 MW:192.9888	Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Catalog No.:AA0035H1 CAS No.:499-83-2 MDL No.:MFCD00006299 MF:C7H5NO4 MW:167.1189
Arachidic acid Catalog No.:AA003658 CAS No.:506-30-9 MDL No.:MFCD00002755 MF:C20H40O2 MW:312.5304	3,6-Dichloropyridazine-4-carboxylic acid Catalog No.:AA0033H7 CAS No.:51149-08-7 MDL No.:MFCD00011575 MF:C5H2Cl2N2O2 MW:192.9876
Ethyl 1-benzyl-3-oxo-4-piperidinecarboxylate, HCl Catalog No.:AA0034R4 CAS No.:52763-21-0 MDL No.:MFCD00012792 MF:C15H20ClNO3 MW:297.7772	2,4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine, HCl Catalog No.:AA0032WH CAS No.:5446-18-4 MDL No.:MFCD00012929 MF:C6H7Cl3N2 MW:213.4922
Dl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid HCl Catalog No.:AA0038KN CAS No.:54897-59-5 MDL No.:MFCD00012884 MF:C3H9ClN2O2 MW:140.5688	Benzyltriethylammonium chloride Catalog No.:AA0034FO CAS No.:56-37-1 MDL No.:MFCD00011824 MF:C13H22ClN MW:227.7735
2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene Catalog No.:AA00359F CAS No.:581-43-1 MDL No.:MFCD00004082 MF:C10H8O2 MW:160.1693	Anserine Catalog No.:AA003946 CAS No.:584-85-0 MDL No.:MFCD11040910 MF:C10H16N4O3 MW:240.2590
m-Bromoaniline Catalog No.:AA0036YI CAS No.:591-19-5 MDL No.:MFCD00007757 MF:C6H6BrN MW:172.0225	H-D-Dap-oh hcl Catalog No.:AA0033IM CAS No.:6018-56-0 MDL No.:MFCD00070606 MF:C3H9ClN2O2 MW:140.5688
PD2DBA3 Catalog No.:AA0038XS CAS No.:60748-47-2 MDL No.:MFCD00013310 MF:C51H42O3Pd2 MW:915.7174	1-Methylimidazole Catalog No.:AA00IATI CAS No.:616-47-7 MDL No.:MFCD00005292 MF:C4H6N2 MW:82.1038
1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne Catalog No.:AA0032GL CAS No.:6224-91-5 MDL No.:MFCD00009271 MF:C6H12Si MW:112.2450	3-Amino-3-(pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid Catalog No.:AA0032CT CAS No.:62247-21-6 MDL No.:MFCD01549598 MF:C8H10N2O2 MW:166.1772
3,5-Dibromopyridine Catalog No.:AA0033GE CAS No.:625-92-3 MDL No.:MFCD00014634 MF:C5H3Br2N MW:236.8920	1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine Catalog No.:AA00EF65 CAS No.:63089-56-5 MDL No.:MFCD09840677 MF:C12H15N MW:173.2542
2-Bromo-4-nitro-3H-imidazole Catalog No.:AA003GM2 CAS No.:65902-59-2 MDL No.:MFCD09038915 MF:C3H2BrN3O2 MW:191.9709	3-Amino-3-(4-methylphenyl)propanoic acid Catalog No.:AA003IS3 CAS No.:68208-18-4 MDL No.:MFCD01863249 MF:C10H13NO2 MW:179.2157
2-Fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine Catalog No.:AA005Z32 CAS No.:69045-82-5 MDL No.:MFCD07437945 MF:C6H3F4N MW:165.0883	trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol Catalog No.:AA0035N7 CAS No.:6995-79-5 MDL No.:MFCD00063612 MF:C6H12O2 MW:116.1583
1,2-Benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonic acid sodium salt Catalog No.:AA003U8Z CAS No.:73101-64-1 MDL No.:MFCD07782146 MF:C8H6NNaO4S MW:235.1923	(R)-2-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid Catalog No.:AA005F8S CAS No.:7326-19-4 MDL No.:MFCD00078062 MF:C9H10O3 MW:166.1739
2,2-Difluoroethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Catalog No.:AA0032U5 CAS No.:74427-22-8 MDL No.:MFCD02093342 MF:C3H3F5O3S MW:214.1111	Trifluoroacetic Acid Catalog No.:AA0035O4 CAS No.:76-05-1 MDL No.:MFCD00004169 MF:C2HF3O2 MW:114.0233
5-Bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid Catalog No.:AA00344Y CAS No.:79669-49-1 MDL No.:MFCD00267350 MF:C8H7BrO2 MW:215.0440	(3-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol Catalog No.:AA0038C2 CAS No.:83647-43-2 MDL No.:MFCD11847531 MF:C8H9BrO MW:201.0605
5-Bromo-2,4-dichloro-pyridine Catalog No.:AA003MDP CAS No.:849937-96-8 MDL No.:MFCD09031035 MF:C5H2BrCl2N MW:226.8861	2-Bromo-dibenzofuran Catalog No.:AA00333I CAS No.:86-76-0 MDL No.:MFCD00092338 MF:C12H7BrO MW:247.0874
tert-Butyl 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-6-carboxylate Catalog No.:AA0036AB CAS No.:869494-16-6 MDL No.:MFCD17016736 MF:C10H18N2O2 MW:198.2621	3-Hydrazinylbenzoic acid hydrochloride Catalog No.:AA003JG8 CAS No.:87565-98-8 MDL No.:MFCD11226177 MF:C7H9ClN2O2 MW:188.6116
5-(Ethylthio)-1H-tetrazole Catalog No.:AA003M4Q CAS No.:89797-68-2 MDL No.:MFCD00068733 MF:C3H6N4S MW:130.1715	2-Bromo-5-chloropyrazine Catalog No.:AA0036RZ CAS No.:912773-21-8 MDL No.:MFCD08460074 MF:C4H2BrClN2 MW:193.4291